Monthly Archives: June 2025

Ave Imperator, morituri te salutant: a review of Skibidi Toilet

Art has died and been reborn a thousand times now. Join me at its graveside once again. Let us speak a few words for what once was. Let us imagine the inconceivable and hollow future ahead without it. If you weep, I will pass you my handkerchief. And let us all pretend to be surprised once more when it bursts out of its coffin, on fire, and singing.

Do you know what song it sings this time? I think you do.

Skibidi Toilet is a wildly popular animated video series. Particularly, it is popular among the youth. Most millennials-and-above I’ve talked to go glass-eyed when its name is invoked. Their souls momentarily leave their bodies, but float back down again in short order. “Why?” they ask, laughing. “Why would you watch that?”

And it’s not completely naive. There’s always been vapid absurd art popular among kids, and wise adults remember and know this. On the internet, it’s stick figure fights and zombocom. Saladfingers and Badger Badger Mushroom. Baby Shark and those weird Spiderman Finger Family Dancing Elsa Learn Colors videos. 

Skibidi Toilet is different from all of those. Skibidi Toilet is, like, actually okay.

At time of writing, the series stands at 26 seasons and 78 total episodes – but most of the episodes are under a minute long, so it’s only 2.5 hours total. Created by DaFuq!?Boom!, AKA Alexey Gerasimov, Skibidi Toilet is a serial narrative about the unfolding conflict between two groups: the Skibidi Toilets, which are human heads that come out of toilets, and what I think of as the AV Army – humanoid figures with cameras, speakers, televisions, and so on for heads. 

The AV Army is completely nonverbal. The Skibidi Toilets sing, but only the one song, incessantly. There is extremely little verbal or written language throughout the series. Even “skibidi” is a nonsense scat word. (It’s been speculated that this has to do with why the show has been so popular with children, and with international audiences. Is that true? I don’t know, maybe.)

Yes, obviously the toilets can move. You cannot even begin to fathom what these toilets are capable of.


Looking at Skibidi Toilet for the first time, you might think it was made in a janky 3D engine. And you’re partially right. What you might not realize is that it’s made in Source Filmmaker, a 3D engine developed by Valve in 2012 to make animations with video game assets. You might not realize that the series is littered with video game assets and models from games like Half Life and Counter-Strike, and that it was inspired by animations done with Garry’s Mod.

Source Filmmaker is the logical extension of machinima, e.g., movies shot in video games. While Source Filmmaker is definitively a piece of animation software that happens to run on game assets, machinima even in “real” games is a rich genre. Consider Emesis Blue, a psychological action thriller made and set in the world of Team Fortress 2; Whitepine, a sensitive and artistic period drama/mystery made in Minecraft; and of course, the award-winning documentary Grand Theft Hamlet.

Historically, these all stem from an interesting question: Why would you want to watch someone else play a video game?

A brief history of machinima


This makes more sense then you might think. I think for a lot of us, our first memories of video games were watching someone else play it. Friends. An older sibling. Waiting for your turn on the controller, or handing over the reins to your sibling to see if they can do the hard part for you, or just watching. 

It’s oddly enchanting to watch someone else play: you get to see the visuals. If there’s a story, you still get to experience the story. If they’re good at the game, it becomes like watching sport. Earliest preserved game footage – not games, videos of people playing games preserved for reasons other than technical demos of the game itself – are of PVP combat or speedruns, i.e., skill. 

But even decades ago, people became interested in games as artistic medium. Telling stories about things that might have happened in the game, but then really getting wacky with it, just using the game as artistic expression.

I think it’s interesting to note different levels of storytelling in this process, all of which are still widespread:

There’s the narrative a game has in the first place. You’re there to rescue the princess, you’re there to slay the princess, whatever. As a viewer, you might have the added narrative layer of the player learning about or reacting to the story, but the root story is the one the game is designed to tell.

Then there are stories invented by the players that still operate under the game’s world and logic.

Then there’s the full abandonment of the game mechanic aside from as stage. Garry’s Mod can be used to make games and is designed to open up this end of the spectrum, and Source Filmmaker completely departs from the game premise – Skibidi Toilet takes place far on this end of the spectrum, maybe even off of it.

Skibidi Toilet remembers its heritage in video games – video game characters and models, the first-person camera angles, the fact that they’re literally shot from a person’s head perspective, guns and weapons in arms akimbo at the side of the screen, enemies bearing down on the POV – these are all familiar video game features. Later, there are HUD overlays. It does not occur to you at first to wonder why you’re seeing it this way.

But Skibidi Toilet has a lot up its titanic sleeves.


The first smoldering clue that this series has something really interesting going on, over the first dozen or so episodes – which is to say, the first few minutes – is the dawning realization that the camera is always diagetic. Every single shot has a camerahead behind it, filming. 

With this realization, some of the more inexplicable elements suddenly make sense. The toilets are always lunging straight for the camera because he is an enemy. 

Do you need arms to have an arms race?

It’s possible you’re wondering: okay, so that’s the basic plot, but what is Skibidi Toilet, like, about? Does it have themes?

I’m so glad you asked. Skibidi Toilet is about technological escalation during warfare.

The nature of the conflict changes dramatically over the course of the series. Skibidi Toilet is breathtakingly internally consistent about who has what capacity and when. 

For instance, perhaps the first technology we see change hands is size. From very early on (even in the first few otherwise dubiously-relevant episodes), we see that there are small toilets and large toilets. There are a few plattoons of regular-sized toilets led by one very big toilet, maybe up to many stories high. 

And yet, all of the AV Army we see at first are about human-sized. When the first large camerahead appears, it’s maybe twice as tall as a human, kind of a buff Bigfoot creature. Strong, but not a game-changer. The introduction in Episode 18 of an actual many-stories-tall AV kaiju – pardon me, I’m being told by the loyal soldiers of the Skibidi Toilet Wiki that they’re called “titans” – deeply transforms the battle. By the very next episode, we see cameraheads relaxing while the titan does its work fighting, and into the future, cameraheads seem to go from constantly afraid to living more of a relaxed lifestyle on the winning side. Titans remain a crucial tactic for the rest of the series. 

The titans also become the first of a trend of recurring characters, which I suppose makes sense – a few titans are presumably substantial investments. (Obviously, we never get any idea where or how new technologies are invented, or how any of these soldiers are born or created, or where resources come from. It’s not ratfic, it’s Skibidi Toilet. Relax.)

Not all advancements are especially useful. We first see a camera on gangly metal crab-legs in Episode 12, alongside an advancing camera army. It’s a few episodes later when we see toilets on crab legs. The advantage of this is unclear – the toilets already move, and maybe that’s why this doesn’t confer a strong advantage. We see some toilets on crab legs afterwards (maybe they’re going a little faster?), but they’re not uniformly better. 

As goes war. Unpowered military gliders offer some unique advantages, like fuel efficiency, deploying troops together rather than dispersed as if landing by parachutes, and being unconstrained by certain aircraft treaties, and multiple countries developed them in World War II. But gliders are not an important part of any military strategy today – they’re just not as good as planes and parachutes and so forth. We tried them out, we went back – the technology is still around, it’s just not optimal. That’s what I see the situation with the crab legs to be.

Far more impactful is the mind-control-parasite strategy. I think this might have been inspired by the AV army’s use of a camera with a toilet base in Episode 16, but it’s the Skibidi Toilets that pioneer the technology: infiltrating a large AV warrior by using a smaller-than-life toilet, living inside the host’s body. (Helpfully indicated to the viewer with crackling lines of electricity around the head of the infected.) The AV Army later develops a crude variation, in which human-sized cameraheads hijack a toilet Titan, but it’s not quite the same. The hijacking of powerful AV titans remains a useful Toilet strategy for the rest of the series.

The AV Army, in response, looks for solutions elsewhere – they invent sound weapons that play the THX riff, disabling both regular toilets and parasitic toilets inside hosts. They also produce a TV-headed woman who teleports, introducing who I believe is the first of the non-titan recurring characters. Interestingly, I think only her or maybe a very small number of other AV warriors can teleport – admittedly breaking the “technological development” pattern, because you would think that if she could do it, others could be taught the skill. They’re all mechanical, right? 

This is actually kind of confirmed in the universe – we see AV people both large and small being “repaired” with mechanical tools rather than bandaged by doctors. So maybe there’s some story there, or maybe not. I don’t know. I didn’t check.

Either way, the progression is tightly adhered to, and this is only a tiny smattering of the developments. Weapons and strategies and body forms of both sides expand and diversify over the series. The Toilets even produce some true body horror combatants with the body of a camerahead and the head of a Skibidi Toilet, if you can even imagine such a thing.

At one point, an AV warrior’s arm is ripped off on the battlefield. It detaches an arm from a nearby dead toilet construct and just attaches it onto itself, where it starts working right away. Insofar as Skibidi Toilet has worldbuilding, I think this moment is crucial – it shows the depths to which these two seemingly disparate species are innately interoperable, and goes a long way to explaining the rapid pace of the (to to speak) arms race throughout the series.

This rapid technological exchange has the obvious Doylistic interpretation: it’s more exciting to show people something they haven’t seen before, and the creator gets new ideas the longer the series runs. Also, the entire series is built on “blending components of 3D models together” – see human-toilets, human-cameras. But the attention to detail and consistency? That has to be intentional. Watsonianly, this is a story of two powerful biomechanical species in a technological arms race.

There are a few weapons that emerge later that don’t feel like they follow this pattern, except for in a metatextual way. As the series matures, its aesthetics mature too. I think the artistic high point of this is when we see an AV army champion, facing a toilet squadron, wield a pair of plungers like swords. As far as I recall, we never saw any plungers before this, but it feels, instinctively, like an older and more disciplined form of warfare. We know in our bones that this plunger camera is cool. A real smooth operator.

But down the line, there are just knives. Before this, we saw toilets die to two things: flushing the head, and sort of generically in explosions. But by episode 50 or so, an AV Army guy just stabs a toilet in the head, with a knife. There’s blood (albeit in a 2012-video-game particle-effect-cloud kind of way). In addition to the space-age ray guns or directed sound weapons, realistic guns enter play around this time. 

The psychological effect of this is jarring. You are reminded that DaFuq!?Boom! is not under the thumb of any major American television network. I think it’s an interesting artistic choice, but I’m still not sure what to make of it.


Oh, and other hallmarks of war are all over the series. In Episode 21, two cameraheads apparently interrogate a captured toilet in a dark room regarding the location (or… something) about a particular recurring Toilet Titan (this one has the head of the G-man from Half Life. He is called the G-Toilet, according to the Skibidi Toilet Wiki. I mostly didn’t refer to outside information, since I think personal interpretation is part of the fun of such a surreal piece of art, but a friend pointed out that the model is recognizable if you’ve played Half Life, which I haven’t, and I reluctantly admit that “G-Toilet” is a better name than the one I’d come up with, which was “Titan Toilet Richard Nixon.”) Anyway, that’s fucked up, right?

Two cameraheads torture a toilet for information about the Titan Toilet Boss. Or something.

And we watch as the cameramen, in their new hegemony, hound and beat single toilets (who they now outnumber.) They patrol the streets but in a relaxed, this-is-just-my-day-job way. They sit on the empty husks of defeated enemy toilets.

Even in the later episodes, when the apparent primary drivers of the action are huge familiar titans, Skibidi Toilet never quite forgets the little guy.  After one brutal toilet attack, the POV camerahead is injured and we see its vision black out… but reawaken, moments later, in an AV hospital ward. There are medical personnel and cameraheads in wheelchairs. We’ve seen titans being repaired but we’ve never seen regular cameraheads being repaired. This too reinforces that the tide is turning in the AV Army’s favor – that it’s now possible to give care and repair to the previously-disposable footsoldiers.

(Does being on the winning side of a war mean regaining your ability to exercise your humanity? Discuss.)

I think my favorite episode is 58, after the toilets have taken the lead. 

It features a late-stage-Skibidi Toilet-typical battle involving both smaller combatants and titans. who look cool, and do cool stunts. At the start of the episode, large bladed toilet drives by with a camerahead impaled on one of its sword-arms. (At first, this seems unreasonably cruel, but remember we’ve also seen the AV Army sitting on the husks of dead toilets – is this really any different?)

Anyway, the episode refers back to – almost centering – these three little identical regular cameraheads, clinging to a streetlamp amid the chaos. We’ll never get to know them as individuals. We’ll never even know if we’ve seen them again after this episode. But we are given space to care about their survival and personhood for just a moment.

Wait, maybe you don’t want to watch this

The series does drag. I don’t want to overstate it. The realism is superficial; we have no idea where either of these groups come from, or why they’re fighting. We don’t know how they produce new soldiers, or where they’re fighting, or why they can’t just build one titan the size of the city and be done with it. Often a previously unseen enemy titan will emerge from somewhere at a dire moment and it’s unclear where it came from or how the latest skyscraper-sized Titan Toilet could have remained unnoticed until right now. Doesn’t the AV Army have literal sentient security cameras? How did you miss that, Harold?

We have indications that both sides have culture and internal lives, but we don’t know anything about those. Without a good explanation like “toilet mind control parasites momentarily creating turncoats”, literally every toilet is fighting literally every camerahead – the war is fixed, and the war is absolute.

This gets draining, especially combined with the short-format. See, Skibidi Toilet is highly responsive to the Youtube algorithm. Around the start of Skibidi Toilet, Youtube really liked Shorts (phone-screen-aspect videos under a minute long), and so dozens of episodes are that short. Many are under 30 seconds. The effect of that is that each 30 second episode has to have an entire and complete arc, and the arc usually ends in “a Skibidi Toilet throwing itself disorientingly at the camera.” They are always singing the same song. 

I watched it for the first time in one two-hour sitting, and that was probably part of it. I have enough Gen Alpha joie de vivre that I can take a lot of 30-second absurd shorts, but… maybe not that many. 

I can’t completely compare it to qntm’s proposed film concept “One Hour Fight Scene”, because Skibidi Toilet has more diversity of setting and arc than that, but the repetitiveness and even the constant escalation is just… grating.

So I’d advise not watching it all at once – but that’s bad advice too, because I discovered that the wordlessness and repetition lends it a dreamlike quality of transience. 24 hours after watching Skibidi Toilet, you’ll be like “what happened last time? Which titan just did what? Have we seen that character before or not?” I legitimately found that taking notes helped. Maybe there’s just no way to comfortably ride this wild steed.

For what it’s worth, Skibidi Toilet is mostly self-aware about its descent into formulaicness, and there are a lot of small moments playing with this that make the series sparkle. When the AV Army steals secret documents from some kind of Toilet research base, the documents… just write out the lyrics of the Skibidi Toilet song in bungled Cyrillic. The plot beat is just that familiar one of stealing big enemy plans. It doesn’t really matter what the plans are, and this deep in, you know this and I know this and DaFuq!?Boom! knows this. 

At one point, we see a camerahead scientist “drink” a cup of coffee by dumping it down the front of its shirt. 

And later on, a human man apparently representing DaFuq!?Boom! himself shows up in the series – a face we’ve previously only seen as a youtube avatar, suddenly breaking the assumed laws of the narrative by appearing in his own creation. I won’t spoil any more, but it’s a buck fucking wild ride.

I don’t want to assure you that it’s worth it. I don’t know you. I won’t say that. At the end of watching some small toilets fight some small camera guys, you’ll be rewarded with a much bigger toilet fighting a much bigger camera guy. Does that sound fun? Hey, if it does, I know a series you might like.

Found footage and horror

Skibidi Toilet is not really a horror series, but it takes a lot of its beats and inspiration from horror.

The oldest kind of internet-original video horror is screamers. It’s the cheapest and easiest way to make horror – take a pretty normal piece of footage or imagery, let people watch it for a few minutes, then BAM! Sudden cut to a creepy face. It’s the digital equivalent of yelling “BOO” behind someone’s back, automated for your inconvenience. Ghost Car [content warning: bro, read the room] is a classic of the genre, 19 years old and with 41 million views at the time of writing. The hook of early episodes of Skibidi Toilet is not much different from 19 years ago – some weird stuff happens and then a distorted face flies real quick at your screen. 

DaFuq!?Boom! has stated that he was literally inspired by toilet-related nightmares, so the surreality and sense of panic at the outset make a lot of sense. But as the plot develops, Skibidi Toilet starts taking influence from a wider variety of genres, especially horror subgenres.

One of these is found footage. We’ve touched on the cameraheads and their diegetic filming already – we also see alterations to the footage, like a cameraman falls and the footage goes wavery for a second, or a camerahead is hit by a beam weapon and the footage distorts. 

Horror that pretends (at some level) to be reality is not new – how many ghost stories are intentionally told as “no, my cousin’s friend’s friend said this really happened to her”? Dracula in 1897 and The Phantom of the Opera in 1910 are both framed as letters and diaries and news reports. 

Skibidi Toilet is obviously not going full Blair Witch Project or War of the Worlds in terms of trying to convince us the story is real, but just in the footage, the full commitment to the bit that all of this is being witnessed by a person(-thing) really adds intrigue and serious sophistication. The shot will end when the POV camerahead either chooses to end the shot, or when it dies. It builds tension by default. I think there’s maybe one moment in the whole series when the filming camerahead dies mid-episode and we are swapped without context to another camerahead. Everything else flows.

How any of this footage gets to us, relatedly, is unclear. It’s not so found-footage as to say “here are the tapes I found in a box in the woods” or “we now present footage from the Joint War Archive, documenting our shared dark history prior to the Toilet-AV Peace Treaty of 2065.” (But that’s pretty good – hey, DaFuq!?Boom!, if you’re reading this, feel free to use that.) But I like to imagine that a peak virtue among AV society is the act of witnessing, and that having and curating this footage of dark moments is good to them. That might explain why so many of them wade into battle, why there’s always someone watching from a good spot, why so many of them stay under fire until the last moment.

There are also underground institutional labs that strike me as borrowed from horror – your Half Lifes, your Resident Evils, your Stranger Things, your SCP Foundations. (Given that Skibidi Toilet borrows other assets from Half Life, it’s kind of the obvious thing to go for.) We see surprisingly little combination between these laboratories and the technological arms race, although I think it’s implied that many new developments come out of these labs. These environments connect more to the post-apocalyptic elements of the series and the vestiges of humanity and the possible origin of the Skibidi Toilets and the AV Army both – although any real answers remain beyond me, if they exist at all.

The real culture war

I didn’t expect, before starting the series, that the eponymous Skibidi Toilets would be the villains. But the existence and narrative role of the AV Army opens up a very interesting series of questions.

What fraction of the viewers of Skibidi Toilet have ever worked with a TV camera? Or a regular camera, for that matter? Wouldn’t they just do all of that on a phone?

I notice that the AV Army doesn’t have any smartphone-heads – or laptop-heads, for that matter. Even flatscreen-heads are rather thin on the ground. They use an older aesthetic: steely surveillance cameras, CRT televisions, tape video recorders or film cameras. They wear suits. Their theme song – only heard a few times, possibly because of Youtube copyright strikes, but distinct – is an echoey version of 80s hit Everybody Wants to Rule the World

Their enemies are, of course, the toilets: frightening, gross, offensive, always lunging at the viewer, always singing their song that has certainly become repetitive by the 20th time (and you will not escape Skibidi Toilet having heard the Skibidi Toilet song only 20 times.)

Even Source Filmmaker is a millennial’s animation tool. DaFuq!?Boom! isn’t a babe in arms, he has years of machinima experience.

People drag Skibidi Toilet as trash, as brainrot, as the meaningless poison of the youth du jour. Do they see the war? The uncouth screaming toilets versus the cool suits of the older generation? I have no idea how intentional this was, but it just sits with me.

A friend, who is much closer to the usual Skibidi Toilet viewing age than I am, described that the cameraheads evoked a sense of omnipresent surveillance that rang true to his life. I suppose it’s true of all of us, even if the older generations are less aware of it. Everybody has a camera on them at all times. Everybody has a screen on them at all times. The AV Army may be our heroes but they’re also literally a surveillance state. We watch through the eyes of the smallest and weakest among them as they die repeatedly. 

I don’t know. I just think it’s an interesting angle on the show, intentional or not.

A glorious collage

DaFuq!?Boom!’s earlier Youtube work includes other popular machinima skits and series, as well as SFX masterpieces like “Optimus Prime Crushed in Hydraulic Press” and “Optimus Prime Explodes in Microwave”. He’s clearly a talented 3D animator. 

There’s one predecessor series, the DaFuq series, which feels to me like the real precursor for Skibidi Toilet. This series involves clips of regular scenes – people shopping, walking in a park, etc – until every model suddenly distorts, and there are screams as they’re rearranged into a surreal hybrid tableau. 

This feels like the invocation of a thing that I’m sure machinima artists have done since the beginning – just played with the models, used them as toys, as sandboxes, made monstrosities just for the hell of it while learning the tools. DaFuq!?Boom! renders these dollhouse abominations as growing from realistic scenes, thus turning them into surreal horror-comedy. I am absolutely certain this is what Skibidi Toilet grew out of.

There’s a genre of media on the internet where the creator clearly didn’t intend for a goofy new project to grow into an epic, but it did. Griffin Mcelroy recorded The Adventure Zone, a game of Dungeons and Dragons with his brothers and father, as a podcast, which they had intended as an easy interlude to their regular podcast while one family member was on paternity leave. But instead the game spiraled out for months, developing real characterization, narratives, a universe-bending arc, and it became a beloved franchise now adapted as a comic book. He described the unexpected whirlwind as “a car that learned to fly.” 

Now, I’m sure that novelists have been starting what they think is going to be a short story and what spirals into, I don’t know, Moby Dick, or The Bible, since the beginning of time. But crucially, in novels, once you figure out it’s going to be a big deal, you can go back and rewrite the beginning to fit with the quality and scope of your vision. 

But barely-planned epic serial media, which the internet is rife with, doesn’t let you do that. The beginning is already out there.

This means:

A) If the authors improve over time, the beginning will still be rough. You can watch Skibidi Toilet grow. Literally: in episode duration and in physical size (it started as a series of youtube shorts and thus the first few dozen episodes are in the upright-phone-screen aspect ratio, but past episode 38 all videos are full-screen.) Figuratively: in animation and visual quality, in coherence, there’s a plot, there’s characters, etc.

B) Relatedly, the authors are stuck with whatever stupid gags they started out with. They’re stuck with wizards named Taco, with teenagers obsessed with Nicholas Cage, with Minecraft nations named “L’manberg” because they didn’t have any women and they wanted to sound European, with toilets with human heads sticking out of the bowls that you can kill by flushing them.

And it is so, so beautiful. To wax philosophic for a moment, I don’t think you’ve truly appreciated art until you’ve been swayed to your very soul by the inner turmoil of Taako the Wizard or the sad little pixels of a Minecraft face or the fact that the Nicholas Cage teen stopped liking Nicholas Cage or the camera-headed guys giving each other thumbs-up after flushing toilet-men – by something so dumb it’s embarrassing. Yes, it’s stupid. It’s so very, very stupid. A novice home-cooked meal or an inadvisable crush or an inside joke can also be stupid. They can also be everything. 

Past the veil of shame is where the dark, gross, raw workings of the heart lie. Meet me there.


Anyway, another interesting thing about Skibidi Toilet is that almost all of its assets are recycled from elsewhere.

Take the AV army. All of the models are other people’s – suited figures and AV equipment. DaFuq!?Boom! cites the creators in his video description. TVheads are a surprisingly common modern internet chimera. They’re not especially common characters in any particular piece of media, but look it up and you’ll find people cosplaying and making art of TVheads. They might have stemmed from people inspired by the 2000 character Canti, a robot with a TV-like screen for a head in the anime FLCL. But the modern suited TVhead is now a fully separate species of cryptid. Yoink!

Probably the earliest camera-headed character appeared in a series of frankly awesome 2007 Japanese PSAs against movie theater piracy, in which dancing, suited, camera-headed people(?) dance and illegally film movies. Oops! Culture has been changed forever!

Interestingly, the diagetic camerahead – a human with supernatural camera head or features who films relevant parts of the series – also plays a minor but impressive role in a legendary 2010-2019 slenderman youtube series and alternate reality game. In EverymanHYBRID, the supernatural villain character (uh, the one who’s not slenderman), the one who’s been hijacking the main team’s youtube channel, also begins hijacking human victims and using them as living video cameras. We never see a camerahead in EverymanHYBRID – it’s a live-action series on a shoestring budget that plays hard for realism – but we do see their camerawork, and we see the main cast react with horror to the thing shooting the picture. It directly asks the question “who’s behind the camera” with a horror flavor, which is of great thematic interest in EverymanHYBRID and which I was surprised to see echoed in Skibidi Toilet

(I have no reason to think DaFuq!?Boom! has watched EverymanHYBRID, but it’s a very interesting parallel.)

In the first version of this review, I wrote that speakerheads don’t have much in the way of cultural context, but how could I forget Sirenhead? This creepy monster invented by artist Trevor  Henderson is a slenderman-esque figure with multiple gaping fleshy megaphone heads, that like the cameraheads, was appropriated by the internet as a folk villain. 

Skibidi Toilet’s speakerheads are the domesticated version – they’re just suited humanoids with speaker clusters for heads, in and among the TV heads and cameraheads. The speakerhead titans in Skibidi Toilet are major characters, apparently developing out of the AV Army’s experiments with sound-based energy weapons. 

These more human speakerheads, and the idea of cameraheads and TVheads and speakerheads all forming a natural alliance based on shared structure? I think that’s all pure innovation on DaFuq!?Boom!’s part.

Even the Skibidi Toilet song is yoinked! It’s a remix by tiktokker doombreaker03, of the songs “Dom Dom Yes Yes” by Biser King and “Give It To Me” by Timbaland. 

(By the way, Biser King is Bulgarian and Timbaland is American, and the remixed song appears to have become viral in Turkey before being used as a video soundtrack by American Tiktokker, Paryss Bryanne, which in turn inspired Skibidi Toilet creator DaFuq!?Boom!, who is Georgian (as in country of Georgia) – thus making an unusual international journey even before reaching the world’s ears as THE Skibidi Toilet song.)

My early interest in tech and tech culture came out of the open source movement, and I have an admittedly rosy-eyed optimism around things like creative commons and free cultural exchange. The machinima community follows this spirit 100%: adapt what you want, build something new, share it around. While I’d never thought about it before, Tiktok culture loves to do this. And Skibidi Toilet rejoices in it too – it is an exquisite collage of borrowed characters, models, songs, and effects all repurposed in creative new ways. It’s a hit kid’s show that’s absolutely unbeholden to any studio or copyright law or content standard other than the bare minimum enforced by youtube. It’s a car that learned to fly. And it’s glorious, and it’s clever, and most importantly, it’s an absolute trip.

The late game

I will say that over time, along with more beautiful atmospheric animations and longer episode lengths, the series Marvelfies. It’s easy to see why – from very early on, it was about escalating fights and drama. So why not scale it to its extreme: huge clashes between titans, dramatic soundtracks and panning action shots. Get some revelations and some shadowy underground bosses and some generic one-liners in there too. Why not?

I personally draw the line at the one-liners – it’s so surprising to hear speech in Skibidi Toilet that I feel it should be conserved or avoided entirely. But as of the most recent episodes, the plot is so convoluted that it’s now necessary to verbally explain a bare minimum of what’s going on. 

(…Okay, when I say it like that, that’s actually a really high bar that basically no other story meets. Fair enough, Mr. Boom.) 

And the series loses some creativity on the way, I think – not all of it, but it has clearly turned from a post-apocalyptic psychological horror franchise with war elements into an action franchise, and I preferred the genre mixing pot.

One notable plot point that I have mixed feelings about (and if this is partially due to the fact that I was four drinks in at this point when I first saw it and completely missed what was going on, it’s surely impossible to know) – is that a force of alien Space Toilets arrive. They have their own space-age technology and aesthetics – red lights, drone-like hover capacity, fancy shields, the works. At first, they seem to be allied with the Skibidi Toilets, as one might expect; however, the alliance fractures. As of now, the Skibidi Toilets have now teamed up with the AV Army against the powerful alien forces. 

And, like, I guess? It’s very Watchmen. It feels like aw, okay, sure, now you have fans of both sides and lines of action figures sold at Target, they have to team up as heroes against a convenient new enemy. Sure. Yes, obviously I bought one.

I’d be more invested in the team-up plotline if we saw either more or less of whatever humanity the Skibidi Toilets have – while we’ve seen lots of humanizing interactions between AV Army members, even the rudiments of Skibidi Civilization are mysterious to us. On the other hand, being forced to cooperate with a nightmarish creepypasta jumpscare entity that has at most a semblance of relatability would be very interesting too. Either way, we have, alas, seen very little of the timbre of the AV Army-Toilet alliance.

More interesting is the side plot in which human beings have appeared – survivors, apparently, people who have been holed up since the fall of their world, their presence further suggesting that the entire series has taken place on some post-catastrophe Earth. They’re with the alliance too, and they’re weak and underpowered in this new paradigm. 

Mostly the series has drifted away from surreal comedy-horror and into solely epic action scenes, with occasional difficult-to-parse intrigue. A return to form would not be amiss. But it still has a lot of heart in it, a frankly wild amount of implicit worldbuilding, and as a visual spectacle it’s only growing over time. I, personally, am curious to see if the AV-Toilet alliance holds, and if the human survivors will find any place in the world to come.

I hope we all find a place in the world to come.

Final rating

5/10. I have no idea how this was monetized and I hope the creator makes ten million dollars off it. If you’re going to watch the whole thing at once, I recommend being drunk. 



This review was written as an entry for Astral Codex Ten‘s 2025 “Anything-But-A-Book Review” contest – it didn’t make the finalists, but watch for those on ACX in the coming days.

Thank you Nova for suggesting the title of this post.

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Crossposted to: [EukaryoteWritesBlog.comSubstack]

Book review: Air-borne by Carl Zimmer

Remember early 2020 and reading news articles and respected sources (the WHO, the CDC, the US surgeon general…) confidently asserting that covid wasn’t airborne and that wearing masks wouldn’t stop you from catching it?

Man, it’s embarrassing to be part of a field of study (biosecurity, in this case) that had such a public moment of unambiguously whiffing it.

a framed relic - an internet archive screenshot of a World Health Organization graphic saying, among other things, "Masks are effective only when used in combination with frequent hand-cleaning" - and a tweet from the US Surgeon General saying "Seriously people- STOP BUYING MASKS! They are NOT effective in preventing general public from catching #Coronavirus." This framed relic is captioned "Whoops" - early 2020.

I mean, like, on behalf of the field. I’m not actually personally representative of all of biosecurity.

I did finally grudgingly reread my own contribution to the discourse, my March 2020 “hey guys, take Covid seriously” post, because I vaguely remembered that I’d tried to equivocate around face masks and that was really embarrassing – why the hell would masks not help? But upon rereading, mostly I had written about masks being good.

The worst thing I wrote was that I was “confused” about the reported takes on masking – yeah, who wasn’t! People were saying some confusing things about masking.

I mean, to be clear, a lot of what went wrong during covid wasn’t immediately because biosecurity people were wrong: biosecurity experts had been advocating for years for a lot of things that would have helped the covid response (recognition that bad diseases were coming, need for faster approval tracks for pandemic-response countermeasures, need for more surveillance…) And within a couple months, the WHO and the Surgeon General and every other legitimate organization was like “oh wait we were wrong, masks are actually awesome,” which is great.

Also, a lot went right – a social distancing campaign, developing and mass-distributing a vaccine faster than any previous vaccine in history – but we really, truly dropped the ball on realizing that COVID was airborne.

In his new book Air-borne: The hidden history of the air we breathe, science journalist Carl Zimmer does not beat around this point. He discusses the failure of the scientific community and how we got there in careful heartbreaking detail. There’s also a lot I didn’t know about the history of this idea, of diseases transmitting on long distances via the air, and I will share some of it with you now.


Throughout human history, there has been, of course, a great deal about confusion and debate about where infectious diseases came from and how they were spread, both before and to some extent after Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch et al illuminated the nature of germ theory. Germ theory and miasma theory were both beloved titans. Even after Pasteur and Koch had published experiments, the old order, as you may imagine, did not go quietly; there were in fact series of public debates and challenges with prizes and winners that pitted e.g. Pasteur up against old standouts of miasma theory.

One of the reasons that airborne transmission faced the pushback it did is that it was seen as a waffley compromise of a return to miasma theory. What, like both a germ and the air could work together to transmit a disease? Yeah, sure.

Airborne transmission was studied extensively in the 1950s. It eventually became common knowledge that tuberculosis was airborne. That other diseases, like colds and flu and measles, could be airborne, was the subject of intense research by William and Mildred Wells, whose vast body of work included not only proving airborne transmission but experimenting with germ-killing UV lights in schools and hospitals — and who remain virtually unknown to this day.

Let us acknowledge a distinction often made between droplet-borne diseases, where heavy wet particles might fly from a sneeze or cough for some six feet or so, to airborne diseases, which might travel across a room, across a building, wafting about in the air for hours, et cetera. This distinction is regularly stressed in the medical field although it seems to be an artificial dichotomy – spewed particles seem to be on a spectrum of size and the smaller ones fly farther, eventually becoming so small they’re much more susceptible to vagaries in air currents than to gravity’s downward pull. Droplet-borne diseases have been accepted for a long time, but airborne diseases were thought by the modern medical establishment to be very rare.

(I forget if Zimmer makes this point, but it’s also easy to imagine how it’d be easier for researchers to notice shorter-distance droplet-borne transmission – the odds a person comes down with a disease relates directly to how many disease particles they’re exposed to, and if you’re standing two feet away from a coughing person, you’ll be exposed to more of the droplets from that blast than if you’re ten feet away. Does that make sense? Here’s a diagram.)

A drawing of two stick figures standing in a cone of purple mist being fired from a spray can. The figure further out in the spray looks at their arm and says "Hmm, I'm slightly more purple than I'd prefer to be". The figure closer to the nozzle, being hit more intensely by the direct blast of purple, screams "AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA".
Aerosols disperse from their source over distances.

(But that doesn’t mean that ten-foot transmission will never happen. Just that it’s less likely.)

Why didn’t the Wells’ work catch on? Well, it was controversial (see the ‘return to miasma’ point above’), and also, they were just unpleasant and difficult to work with. They were offputting and argumentative. Also Mildred Wells was clearly the research powerhouse and people didn’t want to hire just her, for some reason.* Their colleagues largely didn’t want to hire and fund them or to publish their work. We have a cultural concept of lone genius researchers, but these are, in terms of their impact, often fictional – science is a broadly collaborative affair.

The contrast in e.g. Koch and Pasteur’s status vs. William and Mildred Wells made me think about the nature of scientific fame. I wonder if most generally-famous scientists were famous in their lifetimes too. Koch and Pasteur were. Maybe most famous scientists are also famous because they’re also good science communicators. I’m sure that also interplays with getting your ideas out into the world – if you can write a great journal article that sounds like what you did is a big deal, more people will read it and treat it like a big deal.

The Wells were not a big deal, not in their day nor after. Their work, studying disease and droplet transmission and the possibility of UV lamps for reducing disease transmission (include putting lamps up in hospitals and schools), struggled to find publication and has only recently been unearthed as a matter of serious study.

Far UV lamps are the hot new thing in pandemic and disease response these days. Everyone is talking about them.

There’s variations and nuance, but the usual idea works like this: you put lamps that emit germ-killing UVC light up in indoor spaces where people spend a lot of time. UVC light can causes skin cancer (albeit less than its higher-energy cousin, UVB). But you can just put the lamps in ventilation systems or aimed up at the ceilings, where they don’t point at people or skin but instead kill microbes in the air that wafts by them. Combined with ventilation, you can sterilize a lot of air this way.

William and Mildred Wells found results somewhere in between “positive” and “equivocal” – the affect being stronger when people spent more of their day under the lamps, e.g., pretty good in hospital wards and weaker in schools.

They’re not too expensive and could be pretty helpful, especially if they became de facto in places where people spend a lot of time – and especially in hospitals. Interest in this is increasing but there’s not much in the way of requirements or incentives for any such thing yet.

*Sexism. Obviously the reason is sexism.


The other heroes of the book are the Skagit Valley Chorale. In March 2020 a single Skagit Valley Chorale choir rehearsal transmitted multiple fatal covid cases during a single choir practice. Afterwards, the survivors worked with researchers, who figured out where everyone was standing, where points of contact were, did interviews and mapping and figured that there had been no coughing or sneezing, that the disease had in fact been flung at great distances just by singing – that it was really airborne. (There were other studies in other places indicating the same thing.) But this specific work of contact tracing was a focus and was instrumental and influential, and cooperation between academic researchers and these grieving choir members formed an early, distinct piece of evidence that covid was indeed airborne.

I think being part of research like this – an experimental group, opting into a study – is noble. It’s selfless, and what a heroic and beautiful thing to do with your grief and your suffering, to say: “Learn everything you can from this. Let what happened here be a piece in the answer to it not happening again.”

(Yeah, I got dysentery for research, but listen, nobody in the Skagit Valley Chorale got $4000 for their contributions. They just did it for love. That’s noble.)


There was also a cool thread of the story that involved microbiologists like Fred Meier and their interactions with the early age of aviation – working with Lindbergh and Earhart and balloons and the earliest days of commercial aviation to strap instruments to their crafts and try to capture microbes whizzing by.

And they found them – bacteria, pollen, spores, diseases, algaes, visitors and travellers and tiny creatures that may have lived up their all their lives. Another vast arm of the invisible world of microbes.


I’ve been interested in the mechanics of disease transmission for almost as long as I’ve been interested in disease. In freshman year in college I tried an ambitious if bungled study on cold and flu transmission in campus dorms. (That could have been really cool if I’d known more about epidemiological methods or at least been more creative about interpreting the data, I think. Institutions are famously one of the easier places to study infectious diseases. Alas.) Years later I tried estimating cold and flu transmission in more of an EA QALY/quantifying-lost-work days sense and really slammed into the paucity of transmission studies. And then covid came, and covid is covid – we probably got the best data anyone has ever gotten on transmission of an airborne/dropletborne disease.

More recently, I’ve been doing some interesting research into rates and odds of STD transmission, and there’s a lot more there: there’s a lot of interest and money in STD prevention, and moreover, stigmatized as they are, it’s comparatively easy to determine when certain diseases were caught. They transmit during specific memorable occasions, let’s put it like that.

For common air- or droplet-borne diseases? Actual data is thin on the ground.


I think this is one of the hard things about science, and about reasoning in and out of invisible, abstract worlds – math, statistics, physics at the level of atoms, biology at the level of cells, ecology at the level of populations, et cetera. You know some things about the world without science, like, you don’t need to read a peer-reviewed paper to know that you don’t want to touch puke, and you don’t need to consult with experts in order to cook pasta. The state of ambient knowledge around you takes care of such things.

And then there’s science, and science can tell you a lot of things: like, a virus is made of tiny tiny bricks made of mucus, and your body contains different tiny virus detectors (also themselves made of mucus), and we can find out exactly which mucus-bricks of the virus trigger the mucus-detectors in your body, and then we can like play legos with those bricks and take them off and attach them to other stuff. We know about dinosaurs and planets orbiting other stars.

And science obviously knows and tells us some useful stuff that interacts with our tangible everyday world of things: like, you can graft a pear tree onto a quince tree because they’re related. A barometer lets you predict when it’s going to rain. You can’t let raw meat sit around at room temperature or you might get a disease that makes you very sick. Antibiotics cure infections and radios, like, work.

And then there’s some stuff that’s so clearly at this intersection that you might assume it’s in this domain of science. Like, we know how extremely common diseases transmit, right? Right?

It used to blow my mind that we know enough about blood types to do blood transfusions and yet can’t predict the weather accurately. Now it makes visceral sense to me, because human blood mostly falls into four types relevant to transfusions, and there are about ten million factors that influence the weather. (Including bacteria.)

Disease transmission is a little bit like predicting the weather, because human bodies and environments are huge complicated machines, but also not as complicated, because the answer is knowable – like, you could do tests with a bunch of human subjects and come up with some reasonable odds. We just… haven’t.


Actually, let’s unpack this slightly, because I think it’s easy to assume that airborne (or dropletborne) disease transmission would be dirt cheap and very easy to study experimentally.

To study disease transmission experimentally, you need to consider three things (beyond just finding people willing to get sick):

First, a source of infection. If you’re trying to study a natural route of infection like someone coughing near you, you can’t just stick people with a needle that has the disease – you need a sick person to be coughing. For multiple reasons, studies rarely infect a person on purpose with a disease, let alone two groups of people via different routes (the infection source and the people becoming infected) – you might need to find a volunteer naturally sick with the disease to be Patient Zero.

Second, exposure. People are exposed to all sorts of air all the time. If you go about your everyday life and catch a cold, it’s really hard to know where you got the cold from. You might have a good guess, like if your partner has a cold you can make a solid statistical argument about where you were exposed to the most cold germs – or you might have a suspicion, like someone behind you on the bus coughing – but mostly, you don’t know. A person in a city might be exposed to the germs of hundreds on a daily basis. In a laboratory, you can control for this by keeping people isolated in rooms with individually-filtered air supplies and limited contact with other people.

Third, when a person is exposed to an infectious disease, it takes time to learn if they caught it or not. The organism might get fought off quickly by the body’s defenses. Or the organism might find a safe patch of tissue to nestle in and grow and replicate – the incubation period of the infection. It’ll take time before they show symptoms. Using techniques like detecting the pathogen itself, or detecting an immune response to the pathogen, might shave off time, but not a lot, you still have to wait for the pathogen to build up to a detectable level or for the immune response to kick in. Depending on the disease, they also may have caught a silent asymptomatic infection, which researchers only stand a chance of noticing if they’re testing for the presence of the pathogen (which depending on the pathogen and the tests available for it, might entail an oral or nasal swab, a blood test, feces test…)

So combine these things – you want to test a simple question, like “if Person A who is sick with Disease X coughs ten feet away from Person B, how likely is Person B to get sick?” The absolute best way to get clean and ethically pure data on this is to find a consenting Person A who is sick with the flu, find a consenting Person B (ideally who you are certain is not already sick, perhaps by keeping them in an isolated room with filtered air beforehand for the length of the incubation period), have Person A stand ten feet away and cough, and then sweep Person B into an isolated room with filtered air for the entire plausible incubation period, and then see if they get sick, and then have this sick person cared for until they are no longer infectious.

And then repeat that with as many Persons B as it takes to get good data – and it might be that only, like, 1% of Persons B get sick from a single sick person coughing 10 feet away from them. So then you need, I don’t know, 1000 Persons B at least to get any decent data.

It’s not impossible. It’s completely doable. I merely lay this out so that you can see that producing these kinds of basic numbers about disease transmission would instantly entail a lot more expense and human volunteers than you might think.

A friend of mine did human challenge trials studying flu transmission, and they did it similarly to this – removing the initial waiting period (which is fair, most people are not incubating the flu at any given moment) and with more intense exposure events, with multiple Persons B in a room actively chatting and passing objects around with a single Person A for an hour, and then sending Persons B to a series of hotel rooms for a few days to see if anyone got sick.

(What about going a step further: just having Person A and Persons B in a room, Person A coughs, and then send Persons B home and call them a few days later to ask about symptoms? You could compare this to a baseline of Persons C who were not in a room with a Person A coughing (“C” for “control”). Well, I think this would get you valid and usable numbers, but exposing people to infectious diseases that could then be freely passed on to nonconsenting strangers is considered a “bioethics no-no” – and so researchers have, to my knowledge, mostly not tried this.)

(Maybe someone did that in the sixties. That seems like something they’d have done back then.)

The point is, it’s like, expensive and medium hard to study airborne disease transmission experimentally. Adjust your judgment accordingly.


Anyway, fascinating book about the history of the history of that which you think might be better understood by virtue of being a life-and-death matter millennia old, but which is, alas, not.

Here are some questions I was left with at the end of the book:

  • What influences whether pathogens are airborne-transmissible? Does any virus or spore coughed up from the lungs have about the same chance of becoming airborne, or do other properties of the microbe play a role? (I was hoping the book would explain this to me, but I think the research here may not exist.)
  • Zimmer is clearly pro-far-UV but the Wells’ findings on far UV lamps in schools was in fact pretty equivocal – do we have reason to think current far UV would fare better? (I know I linked a bunch of write-ups but I’m not actually caught up on the state of the research.)
  • Some microbes travel for long distances, hundreds of miles or months, while airborne. Often high in the earth’s atmosphere. How are these microbes not all obliterated by solar UV?

Find and read Air-borne by Carl Zimmer.


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